Privatization in India refers to the process of transferring ownership and control of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to private individuals or companies. It began in the early 1990s as part of economic reforms aimed at liberalizing the Indian economy. The process of privatization has significantly impacted the working class, both positively and negatively, with varying outcomes…
Tag: sustainability
The major changes in the party systems in the states since the late 1960s
The Indian party system has undergone significant transformation since the late 1960s, reflecting broader political, social, and economic shifts. While the early years after independence were dominated by the Congress party, the dynamics of state politics began to evolve with the decline of Congress’s hegemony, the rise of regional parties, and the emergence of coalition…
Political mobilization of Dalits in post-independence India
The political mobilization of Dalits in post-independence India is a significant development in the country’s political history. Historically marginalized and oppressed, Dalits (formerly referred to as “untouchables”) were excluded from the mainstream social, economic, and political systems, facing systemic discrimination under the caste system. The struggle for Dalit rights and social justice has been a…
The differences between reform and revolutionary movements
Social movements play a significant role in shaping the socio-political landscape of a society, and they can broadly be categorized into two types: reform movements and revolutionary movements. While both aim to bring about change, they differ in their objectives, methods, and the scale of the changes they seek. The distinction between these two types…
How important are social reforms and why are they difficult to achieve?
Social reforms are crucial for the development of society, as they aim to address systemic inequalities, injustices, and inefficiencies within social, political, and economic systems. They are necessary for creating more equitable and just societies, where individuals have access to opportunities regardless of their background, gender, race, or economic status. Social reforms target various aspects…
Backward Class Movement in the Indian context
The Backward Class Movement in India has been a significant social and political movement aimed at improving the social, economic, and political conditions of historically marginalized communities. In the Indian context, “backward classes” refer to communities that have been socially and economically disadvantaged due to the caste system, which has historically discriminated against lower-caste groups…
The political mobilization of Dalits since the 1980s
The political mobilization of Dalits in India has undergone significant transformations since the 1980s, marking a critical phase in the struggle for social justice, equality, and political representation. Dalits, historically marginalized and oppressed by the caste system, have been involved in various forms of resistance, but the 1980s saw the emergence of more organized, assertive,…
Impact of economic liberalization in Indian society
The economic liberalization of India, which began in 1991, represents a significant transformation in the country’s economic policies and has had profound implications for both the nation’s economic growth and its society. The liberalization process, initiated under the leadership of then-Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, aimed to address the economic challenges that India was facing…
Differences between reform and revolutionary movements
Social movements can broadly be categorized into reform movements and revolutionary movements, two distinct forms of collective action aimed at achieving social change. While both aim to challenge and alter societal structures, they differ significantly in their scope, goals, methods, and the extent of transformation they seek. Reform Movements: Reform movements are gradual, reformist efforts…
The New Social Movements (NSMs)
New Social Movements (NSMs) emerged in the late 20th century as distinct from traditional labor movements and class-based struggles. NSMs are primarily concerned with issues related to identity, culture, lifestyle, and environmental concerns. Unlike the earlier movements that focused on class struggle and economic inequalities, NSMs seek to address broader social, political, and cultural issues…
Liberal approach to the study of social movements? How does it compare and contrast with other approaches?
The liberal approach to the study of social movements originates from liberal democratic traditions and sociological perspectives that emphasize individual rights, civil liberties, participatory democracy, and the rule of law. It conceptualizes social movements as essential mechanisms through which citizens engage with democratic institutions to seek reforms, assert rights, and influence policy-making without fundamentally challenging…
Religious movements in India
Religious movements in India have been a significant part of the country’s socio-political landscape, influencing not only spiritual life but also the political and cultural dynamics. These movements, deeply rooted in India’s rich religious diversity, are often driven by the need for social reform, revitalization of spiritual values, and the reassertion of cultural identity. India,…