IGNOUMATIC

Pokhran-II, also known as Operation Shakti, refers to a series of five nuclear tests conducted by India on May 11 and 13, 1998, at the Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan. This event marked India’s second major nuclear weapons testing after the first successful test in 1974, known as Smiling Buddha.…

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union in South Asia, established on December 8, 1985. It was created with the primary objective of promoting regional cooperation and development in South Asia. The organization aims to improve the lives of the people…

Indo-Russian relations have undergone significant transformations since the end of the Cold War, with both challenges and opportunities shaping the trajectory of their bilateral ties. Before the Cold War, India and the Soviet Union shared a close relationship, rooted in mutual strategic, political, and economic interests. However, with the dissolution…

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) plays a central role in shaping and implementing India’s foreign policy. As the government body responsible for managing India’s external relations, the MEA works closely with the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and various other government agencies to formulate and execute the country’s foreign policy…

The ‘Nehruvian Consensus’ refers to the set of guiding principles and policies formulated by Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, which shaped the country’s foreign policy in the early years after its independence in 1947. This consensus, primarily influenced by Nehru’s ideals and vision, became the cornerstone of Indian foreign…

Indian foreign policy is shaped by a combination of historical factors, geopolitical considerations, economic needs, and strategic interests. The key determinants that influence India’s foreign policy include: In conclusion, India’s foreign policy is a complex and multifaceted approach influenced by historical, geopolitical, economic, and strategic factors. It seeks to protect…

India has long been an advocate of global disarmament, particularly the nuclear disarmament agenda, as part of its broader foreign policy. Its stance on disarmament is shaped by a commitment to international peace, security, and justice. India’s approach is often rooted in principles of non-violence, multilateral diplomacy, and responsible statecraft.…

India’s relations with West Asia (also referred to as the Middle East) are historically deep-rooted, marked by cultural, religious, economic, and strategic ties. West Asia, due to its proximity and significant global standing, plays a pivotal role in India’s foreign policy. Over the years, India has maintained a balanced approach…

India and South Africa share a deep historical connection rooted in the struggle against colonialism and apartheid. Both nations have faced similar challenges in their pursuit of independence, and their diplomatic ties have been shaped by mutual respect and solidarity, particularly in the context of their respective liberation movements. Today,…

India-Pakistan relations have been defined by a history of conflict, competition, and periodic attempts at peace. The two nations share a contentious history rooted in the partition of India in 1947, which led to the creation of Pakistan and the subsequent displacement of millions of people. Since then, the bilateral…

India-China relations are marked by both cooperation and conflict, shaped by the historical, strategic, economic, and geopolitical dynamics between the two countries. As two of the most populous nations in the world and emerging global powers, their bilateral relationship is of paramount importance to regional and global stability. India and…

The concept of the New World Order (NWO) refers to the shifting global power dynamics and the emergence of a new structure of international relations in the post-Cold War era. It became widely discussed after the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, following the collapse of the…