The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body tasked with conducting free and fair elections in the country. Established under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution, the ECI plays a pivotal role in ensuring the democratic functioning of the Republic of India.
Structure and Composition
Initially, the Election Commission was a single-member body, but since 1993, it has consisted of a Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners. All members are appointed by the President of India and have a fixed tenure, although their removal is protected to ensure independence.
Functions and Responsibilities
- Conduct of Elections: The ECI supervises, directs, and controls elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the offices of the President and Vice-President of India.
- Delimitation and Electoral Rolls: It oversees the delimitation of constituencies and ensures the maintenance and updating of electoral rolls.
- Model Code of Conduct (MCC): During elections, the ECI enforces the MCC to ensure fair play and ethical campaigning. Violations of this code can lead to censure or disqualification.
- Political Parties: The Commission registers political parties, allots symbols, and monitors their compliance with election norms and financial disclosures.
- Use of Technology: It introduced the Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and, more recently, VVPATs (Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails) to enhance transparency and efficiency.
Challenges and Criticisms
- Perceived Bias: At times, the ECI has faced allegations of bias, especially regarding its handling of complaints against ruling parties.
- Enforcement Powers: While it has the authority to censure and recommend disqualification, the ECI often lacks punitive powers to enforce its orders, particularly regarding hate speech and campaign violations.
- Political Pressure: There are concerns that the appointment process of Election Commissioners lacks transparency, potentially compromising the body’s independence.
Significance in Indian Democracy
Despite challenges, the ECI is one of the most respected institutions in India. It has conducted numerous national and state elections peacefully, including those involving millions of voters across remote and difficult terrains. Its role in strengthening democratic norms and electoral integrity is indispensable.