The liberal and neo-liberal perspectives in International Relations (IR) share some common ground but diverge significantly in their foundational principles, emphasis, and implications for global politics. Here, we will explore these differences in detail. 1. Historical and Theoretical Foundations Liberalism: – Origins: Classical liberalism in IR emerged in the aftermath of World War I, heavily…
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Explain the term ‘Ethnicity’. Discuss the reasons for the increase in ethnic movements in post-war years.
Ethnicity refers to a social construct that categorizes individuals based on shared cultural, linguistic, religious, or historical characteristics, often forming the basis of identity and group belonging. Unlike race, which is primarily based on physical attributes, ethnicity encompasses a broader range of cultural practices, beliefs, and traditions that distinguish one group from another. Ethnic identity…
What is meant by Diaspora ? How does it promote transnational movements ?
The term “diaspora” refers to the dispersion or migration of a group of people from their ancestral homeland to other parts of the world. Diasporas can be formed voluntarily or involuntarily due to factors such as economic opportunity, political persecution, conflict, or cultural exchange. Diaspora communities maintain strong ties to their homeland and often play…
Describe the current status of the U. S. in world hierarchy of power.
The United States occupies a unique position in the world hierarchy of power, wielding significant influence across political, economic, military, and cultural domains. As a global superpower, the U.S. plays a central role in shaping international affairs and advancing its interests on the global stage. This essay examines the current status of the U.S. in…
How is International terrorism different from cross-border terrorism ? Explain with examples.
International terrorism and cross-border terrorism are both forms of terrorism that involve the use of violence or coercion to achieve political, ideological, or religious objectives. While they share similarities in their tactics and motivations, they differ in their scope, organization, and transnational dimensions. This essay explores the distinctions between international terrorism and cross-border terrorism, drawing…
What is meant by intervention ? Describe three distinct varieties of intervention.
Intervention in international relations refers to the deliberate interference by external actors, typically states or international organizations, in the internal affairs of another state. Interventions can take various forms and are motivated by a range of political, humanitarian, or strategic objectives. This essay explores the concept of intervention and describes three distinct varieties: humanitarian intervention,…
Analyse the post-cold war challenges to international peace and security.
The post-Cold War era brought significant shifts in the global geopolitical landscape, ushering in new challenges to international peace and security. While the end of the Cold War reduced the risk of superpower confrontation, it also gave rise to a complex array of security threats and conflicts that continue to pose challenges to global stability…
Explain the Asian and African approaches for regional cooperation.
Regional cooperation in Asia and Africa encompasses a diverse array of initiatives and frameworks aimed at addressing shared challenges, promoting economic integration, and fostering political dialogue and cooperation among neighboring countries. While each region has its unique historical, geopolitical, and socioeconomic dynamics, Asian and African approaches to regional cooperation share common objectives of enhancing regional…
Examine the North-South divide in global environmental crisis.
The North-South divide in the global environmental crisis refers to the disproportionate impact of environmental degradation, climate change, and ecological crises on countries and regions in the Global South compared to those in the Global North. This divide reflects historical patterns of unequal development, economic exploitation, and environmental degradation, as well as systemic inequalities in…
How is underdevelopment different from development? Discuss the basic features of the theory of underdevelopment.
Underdevelopment and development represent two contrasting stages in the socioeconomic progression of societies. Underdevelopment refers to the condition in which a society lags behind in terms of economic growth, technological advancement, social progress, and overall well-being compared to more developed counterparts. Development, on the other hand, signifies the process of economic, social, and institutional transformation…
Critically examine the feminist view of state and its relevance to International Relations.
The feminist view of the state offers a critical lens through which to analyze power dynamics, gender relations, and structures of inequality within states and in the international system. Feminist scholars argue that traditional theories of the state have largely overlooked or marginalized women’s experiences, perspectives, and interests, perpetuating and reinforcing gender-based discrimination and oppression….
What kind of International system is envisioned by the human security agenda ?
The human security agenda envisions an international system that prioritizes the protection and well-being of individuals, communities, and societies above traditional state-centric notions of security. Rooted in the idea that security should extend beyond military defense to encompass a broad range of threats and vulnerabilities facing people around the world, the human security agenda advocates…