The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional intergovernmental organization of South Asian nations that focuses on promoting economic and regional integration. The SAARC Study Group on the Greenhouse Effect, Natural Disasters, and Preservation of Environment was established to address the growing environmental challenges faced by the region, including the impacts of…
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What is the Vienna Convention? State Any Four Obligations for its Member States
The Vienna Convention refers to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which was adopted in 1969 to establish the legal framework governing the negotiation, drafting, and enforcement of treaties between states. The Convention lays down the rules for the formation, interpretation, and enforcement of international agreements, providing a common legal basis for the…
What is the Full Form of PIL? How Does it Help as a Tool for Environmental Protection? Discuss Any Three Inherent Limitations of Environmental PIL
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a legal mechanism that allows individuals or organizations to file a petition in the court of law in matters concerning public interest, even if they are not directly affected by the issue. PIL aims to address the needs and rights of the broader public, particularly marginalized communities, and can be…
‘North’ and ‘South’ in the Debate of North-South Divide
The “North-South divide” is a term used to describe the socio-economic and political differences between the developed world (referred to as the “Global North”) and the developing world (referred to as the “Global South”). This divide is rooted in the historical legacy of colonialism, where colonial powers (mostly in the North) exploited the resources and…
Issues Responsible for Poverty and Inequality in Developing Countries
Poverty and inequality in developing countries are the result of a combination of socio-economic, political, and environmental factors that hinder the growth and development of these nations. These issues are complex and deeply intertwined, often having a cyclical impact on each other. Below are some of the key issues responsible for poverty and inequality:
Briefly explain any five challenges to sustainable economic growth.
Sustainable economic growth refers to a pattern of growth that is inclusive, resource-efficient, and environmentally responsible. It aims to raise living standards without undermining the planet’s ecological systems. However, achieving such growth faces significant challenges: 1. Resource Depletion: Overexploitation of natural resources such as fossil fuels, minerals, forests, and fisheries threatens the sustainability of economic…
Discuss the importance of community-led initiatives for sustainable development. Highlight the roles of Panchayati Raj Institutions and NGOs.
Community-led initiatives are grassroots-level efforts that involve local people in planning, implementing, and monitoring development activities. These initiatives are critical to sustainable development because they: Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs): The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act institutionalized PRIs as decentralized governance systems in India. Their role in sustainable development includes: Example: In Kerala, PRIs played…
Explain globalization and state its main components. How has globalization influenced Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, populations, and political systems. It is driven by advancements in communication, transportation, and liberalized trade and investment policies. Globalization enables the flow of goods, services, information, people, and capital across national boundaries, thereby integrating regional and national economies into a global economy….
Classification of Industry on the Basis of Capital Investment
Industries can be classified in various ways—by nature of activity, size, ownership, etc. One important basis of classification is the amount of capital investment, which reflects the scale of operations and technological sophistication. In India, the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) classifies industries as follows: 1. Micro Industry Micro industries are essential…
What is the Importance of Stakeholder Participation in Sustainable Development?
Definition of Stakeholders A stakeholder is any individual, group, or organization that has an interest in or is affected by the outcomes of a decision, policy, or project. In the context of sustainable development, stakeholders include: Importance of Stakeholder Participation: Stakeholder participation is the process of involving these diverse groups in planning, decision-making, and implementation…
What is Meant by Sustainable Development?
Definition and Origin: Sustainable development is a multifaceted concept that refers to a model of progress which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This widely accepted definition comes from the Brundtland Report (1987) titled Our Common Future, issued by the World Commission on…
Explain any Two Poverty Alleviation Programme
Over the years, the Government of India has introduced various Poverty Alleviation Programmes (PAPs) to address both rural and urban poverty. These programmes aim to generate employment, provide food security, and support social welfare. Let us examine two prominent initiatives: 1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005 Overview: MGNREGA is a landmark…