Month: May 2025

India and the United States share a complex and multifaceted relationship, characterized by periods of cooperation, competition, and divergence. The post-Cold War era, particularly after the 1990s, marked a significant shift in India-US relations, transforming them from a phase of Cold War-era rivalry to one of strategic partnership. The evolving nature of this relationship can…

The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is an international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Signed in 1968, it has been one of the cornerstones of global efforts to prevent nuclear warfare and ensure nuclear security. The treaty has three main objectives: India, however, has consistently…

The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organization comprising seven countries from South Asia and Southeast Asia that are linked by the Bay of Bengal. Established in 1997, BIMSTEC aims to foster regional cooperation in various sectors, including trade, technology, energy, environment, tourism, and cultural exchange. The…

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that aimed to combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997, and entered into force on February 16, 2005. The protocol was negotiated under the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was…

The National Security Council (NSC) of India is the principal body responsible for advising the Prime Minister on matters related to national security and strategic issues. Established in 1998 under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the NSC plays a critical role in the formulation of national security policies, addressing challenges related to…

The Indian Diaspora refers to the large and widespread community of people of Indian origin who have migrated or settled outside of India. The Indian Diaspora is one of the largest and most diverse in the world, with significant populations in countries such as the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Mauritius, South Africa, Fiji, Middle…

Pokhran-II, also known as Operation Shakti, refers to a series of five nuclear tests conducted by India on May 11 and 13, 1998, at the Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan. This event marked India’s second major nuclear weapons testing after the first successful test in 1974, known as Smiling Buddha. The decision to conduct Pokhran-II…

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is a regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union in South Asia, established on December 8, 1985. It was created with the primary objective of promoting regional cooperation and development in South Asia. The organization aims to improve the lives of the people of South Asia by fostering…

Indo-Russian relations have undergone significant transformations since the end of the Cold War, with both challenges and opportunities shaping the trajectory of their bilateral ties. Before the Cold War, India and the Soviet Union shared a close relationship, rooted in mutual strategic, political, and economic interests. However, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in…

The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) plays a central role in shaping and implementing India’s foreign policy. As the government body responsible for managing India’s external relations, the MEA works closely with the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and various other government agencies to formulate and execute the country’s foreign policy objectives. The Ministry acts as…

The ‘Nehruvian Consensus’ refers to the set of guiding principles and policies formulated by Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, which shaped the country’s foreign policy in the early years after its independence in 1947. This consensus, primarily influenced by Nehru’s ideals and vision, became the cornerstone of Indian foreign policy for several decades and…

Indian foreign policy is shaped by a combination of historical factors, geopolitical considerations, economic needs, and strategic interests. The key determinants that influence India’s foreign policy include: In conclusion, India’s foreign policy is a complex and multifaceted approach influenced by historical, geopolitical, economic, and strategic factors. It seeks to protect its sovereignty, enhance economic growth,…