IGNOUMATIC

Nationalism in India is a multifaceted concept, deeply rooted in the country’s long history of colonialism, cultural diversity, and socio-political movements. Over the course of India’s struggle for independence, various strands of nationalism evolved, each influenced by different social, political, and economic factors. These strands of nationalism were shaped by the diverse leadership, ideologies, and socio-cultural backgrounds of the Indian people. Below are the primary strands of nationalism in India:

1.1. Early Nationalism (Moderates)

The early form of nationalism in India can be traced to the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885. Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Pherozeshah Mehta are considered the pioneers of moderate nationalism. Their approach to nationalism was based on constitutional methods and a belief in gradual reforms. This group advocated for Indian participation in the British colonial administration, economic reforms, and the protection of Indian rights. Their goals included the promotion of education, social reforms, and the establishment of a more inclusive and equitable society.

The moderates were largely influenced by Western liberal ideas, emphasizing the importance of political rights and the need for a representative government. They believed in working within the British framework to achieve reforms, rather than a direct confrontation with colonial authorities. Their approach was based on petitions, memorandums, and discussions with the British government.

1.2. Extremist Nationalism

As the Indian struggle for independence continued, there emerged a more radical strand of nationalism, primarily led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai. This group rejected the moderate approach and believed that a more direct and assertive approach was needed to achieve independence. The extremist nationalists advocated for mass mobilization, public protests, and civil disobedience.

Tilak’s famous slogan “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it!” encapsulated the aspirations of this strand of nationalism. The extremists emphasized self-rule (Swaraj), cultural revival, and a rejection of British authority. They sought to instill a sense of pride in Indian identity, culture, and heritage, advocating for the revival of indigenous institutions and practices. Their struggle was not just political but also cultural and religious, as they sought to strengthen India’s ancient traditions against Western influences.

1.3. Gandhian Nationalism

Gandhi’s approach to nationalism was distinct and revolutionary. His philosophy of non-violence (Ahimsa) and truth (Satya) became the cornerstones of the Indian freedom struggle. Gandhi’s idea of nationalism transcended the political realm and was deeply connected to social reform. He aimed at the moral regeneration of the nation, emphasizing self-reliance, swadeshi (promotion of indigenous goods), and the upliftment of the rural economy.

Through mass movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34), and Quit India Movement (1942), Gandhi mobilized millions of Indians across religious, social, and economic lines. His nationalist vision was inclusive and aimed at addressing the social injustices prevalent in Indian society, including untouchability, caste discrimination, and gender inequality.

Gandhi also proposed a decentralized model of political organization, where villages would be self-sufficient and self-governing. His emphasis was on the moral empowerment of individuals, believing that true freedom lay in the liberation of the soul, not just political independence.

1.4. Revolutionary Nationalism

The revolutionary strand of Indian nationalism was marked by violent resistance to British colonial rule. This strand found expression in secret societies and armed uprisings, such as the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) led by Bhagat Singh, Subhas Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army (INA), and other militant groups like the Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar.

Revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev, and Chandrashekhar Azad believed that only armed struggle could oust the British from India. The revolutionary nationalists opposed the non-violent methods of the Congress and sought immediate and forceful independence. Bhagat Singh’s famous declaration that “revolution is the inalienable right of mankind” highlights the revolutionary nationalist approach, which advocated for the overthrow of colonial power through direct and violent action.

Subhas Chandra Bose’s contribution was pivotal in this context, as he formed the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) with the aim of liberating India with the help of Axis powers during World War II. Although his tactics were controversial, Bose’s vision of militant nationalism played a key role in the struggle for independence.

1.5. Social and Cultural Nationalism

Social and cultural nationalism, led by figures like Swami Vivekananda, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, and Rabindranath Tagore, sought to rejuvenate Indian society and culture by integrating the spiritual and intellectual heritage of India with the political cause of independence. This form of nationalism focused on the cultural unity of the Indian people, celebrating Indian philosophy, traditions, and religious diversity.

Swami Vivekananda, in particular, emphasized the idea of a spiritually awakened and self-reliant India. His speech at the Parliament of Religions in 1893 in Chicago highlighted India’s contribution to world civilization and its spiritual values. Similarly, Tagore’s notion of nationalism was deeply intertwined with his ideas of universalism, humanism, and the interconnectedness of all cultures.

1.6. Subaltern Nationalism

Subaltern nationalism emerged as a response to the dominance of the upper classes in the nationalist movement. It was led by marginalized communities, including Dalits, tribals, and lower castes, who felt excluded from mainstream nationalist efforts. Leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar focused on the rights of Dalits and other underprivileged groups, highlighting social justice as an integral part of nationalism.

Ambedkar’s efforts to secure political and social rights for Dalits and other marginalized sections of society shaped a distinct strand of nationalism that sought to challenge the caste-based hierarchies and the social discrimination that existed in Indian society. His vision of social and economic democracy was central to his understanding of Indian nationalism.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the different strands of nationalism in India were shaped by a variety of political, social, and cultural factors. From moderate constitutionalism to revolutionary activism, and from Gandhian non-violence to social justice movements, Indian nationalism was a multifaceted and dynamic force. Each strand contributed to the ultimate goal of attaining independence, but also helped to shape the socio-political fabric of post-colonial India.