IGNOUMATIC

The concept of “complex interdependence” was introduced by international relations scholars Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye as an alternative to the realist framework, which emphasizes military power and state-centric approaches in international politics. In contrast, complex interdependence stresses the importance of multiple, overlapping channels of interaction between states and non-state actors in the global system, where military power is not the sole determining factor in relations between countries. In the context of India’s foreign policy, complex interdependence provides a valuable lens through which to analyze the country’s approach to regional and global issues, especially in an increasingly interconnected world.

 Multiple Channels of Interaction

India’s foreign policy, in line with the concept of complex interdependence, operates across various channels of interaction. These channels include governmental (diplomatic negotiations, summits, and official visits), intergovernmental (regional organizations like SAARC, BIMSTEC, and the United Nations), and transnational channels (NGOs, multinational corporations, and civil society groups). These multiple levels of engagement reflect the diverse nature of India’s global relations and the importance of non-military forms of power such as economic influence, technological partnerships, and cultural diplomacy.

For example, India’s engagement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the East Asia Summit is not just based on military alliances but also focuses on trade, technology transfer, and educational exchanges. India’s strategic ties with countries like Japan and Australia also involve multifaceted cooperation in areas such as defense, climate change, cyber security, and economic development.

 Economic Interdependence

One of the key elements of complex interdependence in India’s foreign policy is economic cooperation. Over the past few decades, India has increasingly integrated into the global economy, becoming a major player in international trade, investment, and services. Its economic ties with both developed and developing countries have grown significantly, especially since the 1991 economic liberalization. India’s foreign policy has evolved to prioritize economic diplomacy, aimed at securing energy resources, fostering trade relations, and attracting foreign investments.

For instance, India has a growing trade relationship with the European Union (EU), the United States, China, and the Gulf countries. Additionally, India has used platforms like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and BRICS to secure its economic interests while promoting global trade reform. Through initiatives such as “Make in India” and “Digital India,” India seeks to attract foreign investments, promote manufacturing, and modernize infrastructure, which requires deep economic interdependence with other countries.

 Non-Military Security Concerns

In the era of complex interdependence, India’s foreign policy places a premium on non-traditional security issues, such as climate change, cyber security, terrorism, and public health. India’s concerns over transnational terrorism, especially following the 2008 Mumbai attacks, have shaped its diplomatic engagement with neighboring countries like Pakistan and global powers like the United States. India has also emphasized regional cooperation through platforms like SAARC and BIMSTEC to address issues of mutual concern, including poverty alleviation, disaster management, and security threats.

Furthermore, India’s participation in the global climate change debate and its commitment to the Paris Agreement highlight its recognition of global environmental interdependence. As a developing country, India seeks to balance its development goals with environmental sustainability, fostering collaborations with countries in the European Union and others to meet climate targets while ensuring economic growth.

 Influence of Soft Power

India’s approach to complex interdependence also incorporates the use of soft power, which reflects its cultural, diplomatic, and civilizational influence. India’s rich cultural heritage, historical ties with Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, and its global diaspora are critical components of its soft power diplomacy. Through platforms like the International Day of Yoga, India projects its values and culture globally, which in turn strengthens its influence in global governance.

Additionally, India’s “Look East Policy” and its engagement with Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East reflect its understanding of soft power in fostering deeper relationships and securing its strategic objectives without relying solely on military or hard power.

 The Role of Multilateralism

India’s foreign policy has increasingly embraced multilateralism as a response to complex interdependence. As a country with significant geopolitical interests and a large population, India recognizes that global challenges cannot be tackled unilaterally. By participating in global institutions such as the United Nations, World Health Organization (WHO), and BRICS, India advocates for an inclusive and equitable global order. The country has also actively engaged in discussions around reforming global institutions like the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to better reflect the realities of the 21st century.

In the Indo-Pacific region, India has built stronger partnerships with countries like Japan, Australia, and the United States under frameworks such as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). This multilateral approach focuses on ensuring a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region and addresses issues like security, infrastructure development, and connectivity.

 Conclusion India’s foreign policy, shaped by the concept of complex interdependence, moves beyond traditional power dynamics and reflects the evolving nature of global relations. India’s engagement with economic, environmental, and security issues, along with its use of soft power, highlights its strategic shift towards fostering interdependence with regional and global powers. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, India’s foreign policy will continue to evolve, emphasizing multilateralism, cooperation, and sustainable development in addressing global challenges.