India’s approach to its neighboring countries is guided by the principle of fostering peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, and regional cooperation. This strategy, often encapsulated in the “Neighborhood First” policy, aims to strengthen ties with neighboring nations through diplomatic engagement, economic collaboration, and infrastructural connectivity.
4.1 Bilateral Relations
- Pakistan: India’s relationship with Pakistan has been historically strained, primarily due to territorial disputes over Jammu and Kashmir and cross-border terrorism. Diplomatic engagements have been intermittent, often disrupted by terrorist incidents. India emphasizes the need for Pakistan to take concrete actions against terrorism to foster a conducive environment for dialogue.
- China: India shares a complex relationship with China, marked by cooperation and competition. While both countries engage in trade and participate in multilateral forums like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, border disputes have led to military standoffs, notably the Doklam crisis in 2017 and the Galwan Valley clash in 2020. India advocates for peaceful resolution of disputes through dialogue and adherence to established protocols.
- Nepal: India and Nepal share deep cultural, historical, and economic ties. However, occasional political tensions arise due to border disputes and perceptions of interference. India supports Nepal’s development through aid, investment, and infrastructural projects, aiming to strengthen people-to-people connections and mutual trust.
- Bangladesh: Relations with Bangladesh have seen significant improvement in recent years, characterized by cooperation in areas like trade, energy, and counter-terrorism. The resolution of the land boundary agreement in 2015 marked a milestone. India continues to engage with Bangladesh to enhance connectivity and address shared challenges.
- Sri Lanka: India’s ties with Sri Lanka are rooted in cultural affinity and economic cooperation. India has been involved in post-conflict reconstruction and development efforts in Sri Lanka. However, concerns over China’s growing influence in Sri Lanka, especially through infrastructure projects, have prompted India to recalibrate its engagement strategies.
- Bhutan: India and Bhutan maintain a close and friendly relationship, with India being Bhutan’s largest trading partner and development aid provider. The countries collaborate on hydropower projects, education, and infrastructure development, reflecting mutual trust and cooperation.
- Maldives: India’s relationship with the Maldives has experienced fluctuations, influenced by political changes within the island nation. India emphasizes the importance of democratic stability and has extended support through development assistance and capacity-building initiatives.
4.2 Regional Initiatives
- SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation): India plays a pivotal role in SAARC, aiming to promote regional integration. However, the organization’s effectiveness has been limited due to political differences among member states, particularly between India and Pakistan.
- BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation): India actively participates in BIMSTEC to enhance regional connectivity and cooperation, especially focusing on economic integration and counter-terrorism efforts.
4.3 Strategic Considerations
India’s neighborhood policy is influenced by strategic considerations, including countering China’s growing influence in the region. India seeks to balance this through increased diplomatic engagement, development assistance, and infrastructural investments in neighboring countries.
Conclusion
India’s dealings with its neighbors are characterized by a blend of cooperation and strategic caution. While striving to build strong bilateral and regional partnerships, India remains vigilant about geopolitical dynamics, aiming to foster a stable and prosperous neighborhood.
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