IGNOUMATIC

1. Interdependence: All components of an ecosystem (biotic and abiotic) are interdependent, meaning they rely on each other for survival. For instance, plants depend on sunlight, soil, and water to grow, while animals rely on plants for food. The loss or degradation of one component affects the entire system.
2. Dynamic Equilibrium: Ecosystems are dynamic, meaning they are constantly changing in response to internal and external factors, such as climate or human activities. However, ecosystems tend to return to a balanced state over time, unless disrupted by major disturbances. This characteristic highlights the resilience of ecosystems and their ability to self-regulate under normal conditions.
3. Diversity: Biodiversity is a fundamental aspect of ecosystems. A healthy ecosystem consists of a wide variety of species, each playing a unique role in maintaining the system’s functions. Higher biodiversity tends to make ecosystems more resilient to environmental stresses.
4. Energy Flow: Ecosystems rely on the continuous flow of energy from the sun. Producers (plants) capture solar energy through photosynthesis, which is then transferred to consumers (herbivores, carnivores) and decomposers in the food web. This flow of energy supports the survival of all organisms in the system.

Three Actions Suggested by Peter Umara Ojunga for Ecosystem Approach Application:

1. Integration of Ecological and Socioeconomic Systems: Ojunga emphasizes the importance of considering both ecological and human systems in decision-making. Development policies should integrate the protection of natural resources with social needs and economic goals, ensuring that both people and nature benefit.
2. Community-based Conservation: Ojunga advocates for the involvement of local communities in conservation efforts. Communities often have intimate knowledge of local ecosystems and can play a crucial role in managing resources sustainably, preventing overexploitation, and promoting biodiversity conservation.
3. Adopting Adaptive Management Practices: The ecosystem approach calls for flexibility in management strategies. As ecosystems change over time, policies should be adaptive and responsive to new information and emerging challenges, ensuring that management practices remain relevant and effective.