Linguistic minorities refer to groups of people who speak a language that is different from the majority language of the region or the nation they live in. In India, the linguistic diversity is immense, with more than 1,600 languages spoken across the country. The Constitution of India recognizes this diversity and provides protection for linguistic…
Tag: india
Pattern of State Politics in the 1970s
The 1970s were a transformative decade for state politics in India, marked by significant political upheaval, regional challenges, and a shift towards greater political fragmentation. The decade witnessed a breakdown of the dominance of the Congress Party, the rise of new political forces, and regional movements that reshaped the political landscape. 1. Dominance of Congress…
Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha (CMM)
The Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha (CMM) was a prominent social movement and political organization in the state of Chhattisgarh that played a critical role in the demand for the creation of a separate state from Madhya Pradesh. The movement was largely driven by the tribal and rural communities of the region, who felt politically and economically…
Karl Marx’s Theory of Class War: A Critical Evaluation
Karl Marx (1818–1883) is one of the most influential thinkers in the history of political philosophy and social theory. His analysis of society and history through the lens of class struggle has had a profound impact on political thought, revolutionary movements, and socialist ideologies. Marx’s theory of class war, central to his materialist conception of…
Alexis de Tocqueville’s Views on Democracy and the Modern State
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859), a French political thinker and historian, is best known for his seminal work Democracy in America (1835–1840), which offers a detailed analysis of democratic institutions, civil society, and political culture in the United States. Tocqueville is widely regarded as one of the most insightful commentators on democracy and modernity. His reflections…
J. S. Mill’s Views on Representative Democracy
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), a prominent British philosopher, political economist, and social reformer, is best known for his contributions to the development of liberal thought. Mill’s views on representative democracy are deeply connected to his commitment to individual liberty, utilitarian ethics, and the idea of a well-ordered, rational society. In his work On Liberty (1859)…
Immanuel Kant’s View of Perpetual Peace
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), one of the most influential philosophers in Western thought, presented his vision for lasting global peace in his 1795 essay “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch.” This work laid the groundwork for modern liberal internationalism and continues to influence international relations theory, global ethics, and political philosophy. Kant’s proposal for Perpetual Peace goes…
Edmund Burke’s Views on Citizenship and Democracy
Edmund Burke (1729–1797), often regarded as the father of modern conservatism, offered a distinctive and influential critique of radical political change and a nuanced vision of citizenship and democracy. While not opposed to democratic principles in theory, Burke was critical of the democratic excesses he witnessed during the French Revolution. His understanding of citizenship was…
Rousseau’s Conception of General Will
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), a major Enlightenment thinker, introduced the concept of the General Will (volonté générale) in his seminal work The Social Contract (1762). The idea of the General Will is central to his political philosophy and reflects his deep concern with freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty. Rousseau’s notion of the General Will attempts to…
John Locke’s Conception of the State of Nature and Natural Rights
John Locke (1632–1704), one of the foremost liberal political philosophers of the Enlightenment, laid a strong foundation for modern democratic thought through his theory of natural rights and the state of nature. In contrast to Hobbes’ pessimistic vision, Locke painted a more optimistic picture of human beings in the state of nature and emphasized their…
Why is Niccolò Machiavelli regarded as the father of Modern Political Thought?
Why Niccolò Machiavelli is Regarded as the Father of Modern Political Thought Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527), an Italian diplomat and political theorist, is often hailed as the father of modern political thought because of his realistic, secular, and power-oriented approach to politics. His most famous work, The Prince, diverged dramatically from the classical and medieval political…
Analyze on what grounds Aristotle criticizes Plato
Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato: A Comparative Analysis Aristotle, one of Plato’s most distinguished students, revered his teacher but did not shy away from critiquing his theories. The contrast between Plato’s idealism and Aristotle’s empiricism forms the basis of much of Aristotle’s critique. While Plato believed in a world of ideal Forms or Ideas beyond empirical…