Farmers’ movements in contemporary India have emerged as powerful expressions of agrarian distress, rural discontent, and demands for agrarian reform. These movements, often led by farmers’ organizations and supported by civil society groups, have mobilized millions of farmers across the country to protest against government policies, demand fair prices for agricultural produce, and seek solutions…
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What are the main provisions of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments with regard to Panchayati Raj System?
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, enacted in 1992, are landmark legislations aimed at decentralizing power and promoting local self-governance in rural and urban areas, respectively. These amendments introduced significant reforms to the Panchayati Raj system and the system of urban local bodies (ULBs), laying the foundation for grassroots democracy and participatory governance. This essay…
Critically examine judical activism in India.
Judicial activism, defined as the proactive role of the judiciary in shaping public policy and governance, has been a defining feature of India’s constitutional democracy. While judicial activism has played a crucial role in safeguarding fundamental rights, promoting social justice, and upholding the rule of law, it has also sparked debates about the proper role…
What is parliamentary sovereignty ? Is it subject to judicial review ?
Parliamentary sovereignty is a fundamental principle of the British constitutional system, which asserts that Parliament has supreme legislative authority and can enact, amend, or repeal any law without being bound by prior legislation or legal constraints. This concept emerged historically as a reaction against monarchical absolutism and has since evolved to define the relationship between…
Discuss the notion of social inequality with reference to caste hierarchy in India.
Social inequality, a pervasive issue in societies worldwide, refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among individuals or groups based on various factors such as socio-economic status, gender, race, and caste. In India, one of the most enduring and deeply entrenched forms of social inequality is the caste system, a hierarchical social…
Explain the Directive Principles of State Policy as guidelines to the state to bring about socio-economic transformation.
The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) constitute a crucial component of the Indian Constitution, enshrined in Part IV. Unlike Fundamental Rights, which are justiciable, the DPSPs are non-justiciable principles that provide guidelines for the state in framing policies and enacting laws. These principles aim to promote social justice, economic welfare, and a just society,…
Discuss the evolution of religious politics in India.
Religious politics in India has a complex and multifaceted history, deeply intertwined with the country’s socio-cultural fabric and political landscape. From pre-independence struggles for religious identity to post-independence electoral strategies, religious affiliations have played a significant role in shaping political discourse and mobilization. This essay explores the evolution of religious politics in India, tracing its…
How do Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy ensure human developmen? Explain.
The Indian Constitution, a cornerstone of the world’s largest democracy, meticulously outlines the framework for governance and the rights of its citizens. Among its most significant provisions are the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), which together aim to foster human development and ensure a just and equitable society. This essay…
How do caste and class inequalities impact democracy in India ? Explain.
Democracy in India, characterized by its vast diversity and complex social structure, operates within the context of deeply entrenched caste and class inequalities. These inequalities profoundly influence the democratic process, affecting political participation, representation, and policy-making. This essay explores how caste and class disparities shape and, at times, undermine the democratic ideals of equality, justice,…
Discuss the impact of liberalisation on the working classes in India.
Liberalisation in India, initiated in 1991, marked a significant shift from a socialist-oriented economy to a market-driven one. This paradigm shift involved deregulation, reduction of import tariffs, and the opening up of the economy to foreign investment. While liberalisation has catalyzed substantial economic growth and development, its impact on the working classes in India has…
Enumerate the similarities and differences between substantive and procedural types of democracy.
Democracy, as a form of government, can be understood through various lenses, two of the most significant being substantive and procedural democracy. Both concepts are essential in analyzing the nature and quality of democratic governance, yet they differ fundamentally in focus and application. This essay enumerates the similarities and differences between substantive and procedural democracy,…
Write an essay on Farmers’ movements in contemporary India.
Farmers’ movements in contemporary India are significant social and political phenomena that reflect the ongoing struggles and aspirations of the agrarian community in the country. These movements have been driven by a myriad of issues, including economic distress, agrarian policies, and socio-political marginalization. This essay examines the nature, causes, and impacts of farmers’ movements in…