Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), an English philosopher and social reformer, is widely regarded as the founder of utilitarianism, a moral theory that emphasizes the promotion of happiness and the minimization of suffering. His ideas have had a profound impact on modern ethics, politics, and law. Bentham’s utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory, which means that the morality…
How does J. S. Mill justify equal rights for women?
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), one of the most prominent philosophers and political economists of the 19th century, was an ardent advocate for individual liberty, freedom of expression, and social justice. His contributions to liberal thought are profound, especially in the areas of utilitarianism, political philosophy, and social reform. Among his most notable works, The Subjection…
Tocqueville’s Views on Religion
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859) was a French political thinker, historian, and sociologist who is best known for his work, Democracy in America (1835–1840). In this seminal work, Tocqueville provides a comprehensive analysis of the political and social structures of the United States in the early 19th century. Among the various themes explored in Democracy in…
Hobbes’ Understanding of Human Nature and Natural Rights
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) was an English philosopher best known for his work on political theory, particularly his views on human nature and the necessity of a strong, centralized government. His seminal work, Leviathan (1651), offers a detailed analysis of the nature of human beings, the state of nature, and the foundations of political authority. Hobbes’…
Machiavelli’s Views in The Prince
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) was an Italian diplomat, philosopher, and political theorist, best known for his writings on political power, especially in his work The Prince. Written in 1513 and published posthumously, The Prince is often considered one of the most influential texts in Western political thought. In it, Machiavelli explores the nature of power, political…
St. Augustine’s Views on State, Property, and Slavery
St. Augustine (354–430 CE) was one of the most influential Christian philosophers and theologians of the Western tradition. His writings, especially in works like The City of God and Confessions, laid the foundations for Christian political theory. Augustine’s views on the state, property, and slavery reflect the intersection of his Christian faith with his understanding…
Aristotle’s Theory of Justice
Aristotle (384–322 BCE), one of the most influential philosophers of Western thought, made significant contributions to political theory, particularly in his work Politics. Aristotle’s theory of justice is central to his broader understanding of politics, ethics, and human flourishing. Unlike modern theories that focus on abstract concepts of justice, Aristotle’s views are deeply rooted in…
Identify the Major Characteristics of Western Political Thought
Western political thought has evolved over thousands of years, shaped by key thinkers and historical events. It encompasses a broad spectrum of ideas on governance, justice, rights, power, and freedom. Below are the major characteristics of Western political thought: 1.1. Emphasis on Reason and Rationality One of the foundational features of Western political thought is…
The economic structure of society, constituted by its relations of production, is the real foundation of society
Karl Marx (1818–1883), the revolutionary thinker and philosopher, is best known for his critical analysis of capitalism and his development of the theory of historical materialism. His statement, “The economic structure of society, constituted by its relations of production, is the real foundation of society,” encapsulates a key idea in Marxist theory: the economic base…
Linguistic Minorities
Linguistic minorities refer to groups of people who speak a language that is different from the majority language of the region or the nation they live in. In India, the linguistic diversity is immense, with more than 1,600 languages spoken across the country. The Constitution of India recognizes this diversity and provides protection for linguistic…
Pattern of State Politics in the 1970s
The 1970s were a transformative decade for state politics in India, marked by significant political upheaval, regional challenges, and a shift towards greater political fragmentation. The decade witnessed a breakdown of the dominance of the Congress Party, the rise of new political forces, and regional movements that reshaped the political landscape. 1. Dominance of Congress…
Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha (CMM)
The Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha (CMM) was a prominent social movement and political organization in the state of Chhattisgarh that played a critical role in the demand for the creation of a separate state from Madhya Pradesh. The movement was largely driven by the tribal and rural communities of the region, who felt politically and economically…